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創(chuàng)建spring項(xiàng)目步驟一

前言

該文檔主要介紹如何創(chuàng)建一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的、能夠正常運(yùn)行的spring項(xiàng)目。為往后項(xiàng)目的開(kāi)發(fā)提供便利

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創(chuàng)建spring項(xiàng)目

創(chuàng)建maven項(xiàng)目

使用sts開(kāi)發(fā)軟件創(chuàng)建項(xiàng)目,STS是Spring Tool Suite的簡(jiǎn)稱，該軟件是一個(gè)基于Eclipse環(huán)境的，用于開(kāi)發(fā)spring應(yīng)用程序的軟件。其提供了很多spring相關(guān)的輔助工具，為開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目提供諸多便利。

創(chuàng)建spring項(xiàng)目步驟一

導(dǎo)入spring-mvc jar包

編輯spring項(xiàng)目的pom.xml文件，加入spring-mvc容器 相關(guān)jar依賴、spring-ioc容器相關(guān)的jar

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.bear.simple_spring</groupId>
    <artifactId>simple_spring</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- 導(dǎo)入springmvc jar包 begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
            <version>5.1.2.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
            <version>5.1.2.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 導(dǎo)入springmvc json與對(duì)象轉(zhuǎn)換jar【@RequestBody、@ResponseBody ...注解生效】-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
            <version>2.9.8</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.fasterxml</groupId>
            <artifactId>classmate</artifactId>
            <version>1.4.0</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>
配置servlet容器web.xml
  • 編輯web.xml文件，讓servlet容器啟動(dòng)的時(shí)候加載spring-mvc配置文件及spring-ioc的配置文件，以啟動(dòng)spring-mvc容器與spring-ioc容器
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app id="WebApp_ID" version="3.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
    <!-- 配置servlet 容器加載 spring-mvc配置文件，使servlet容器啟動(dòng)的時(shí)候同時(shí)啟動(dòng)spring-mvc容器 -->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>springDispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <!-- 配置spring-mvc路徑 -->
            <param-value>classpath:spring-mvc.xml</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>
    <!-- Map all requests to the DispatcherServlet for handling -->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>springDispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
        <!-- 配置 spring-mvc攔截的請(qǐng)求 -->
        <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

    <!-- 配置servlet 容器加載 spring-ioc配置文件，使servlet容器啟動(dòng)的時(shí)候同時(shí)啟動(dòng)spring-ioc容器 -->
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>classpath:spring-beans.xml</param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
    </listener>
</web-app>
創(chuàng)建spring-mvc容器的配置文件【spring-mvc.xml】

創(chuàng)建spring-mvc的配置文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc https://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.3.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
    <!-- 配置spring 掃描包 -->
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.bear.simple.spring" use-default-filters="false">
        <!-- 配置 spring-mvc 只掃描的注解Controller【處理http請(qǐng)求注解】、 ControllerAdvice【處理異常的注解】-->
        <context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
        <context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice"/>
    </context:component-scan>

    <!-- 配置spring jsp 的試圖解析器 【如不需要用到模板，可不配置】-->
    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/views/"></property>
        <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"></property>
    </bean>

    <!-- 配置支持靜態(tài)文件訪問(wèn) -->
    <mvc:default-servlet-handler/>

    <!-- 配置注解驅(qū)動(dòng)，讓RequestMapping 、異常處理等注解生效 -->
    <mvc:annotation-driven></mvc:annotation-driven>
</beans>
創(chuàng)建spring-ioc容器的配置文件【spring-beans.xml】
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc https://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.3.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
    <!-- 配置spring-ioc容器掃描的包，并排除 掃描Controller、ControllerAdvice【這兩個(gè)注解交由spring-mvc容器掃描】-->
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.bear.simple.spring">
        <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
        <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice"/>       
    </context:component-scan>
</beans>
測(cè)試spring-mvc項(xiàng)目是否創(chuàng)建成功

  • 編寫(xiě)controller

    package com.bear.simple.spring.controller;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import com.bear.simple.spring.entity.Account;
import com.bear.simple.spring.service.AccountService;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("account")
public class AccountController {

@Autowired
private AccountService accountService;

/**
 * 獲取帳號(hào)信息
 * @param id
 * @param request
 * @return
 */
@RequestMapping("/get")
public Account getAccount(@RequestParam String id,HttpServletRequest request) {
    if(null == id || "".equals(id)) 
        throw new RuntimeException("請(qǐng)求參數(shù)缺少id");
    Account result = accountService.loadAccountById(id);
    return result;
}
}

  • 編寫(xiě)實(shí)體層

    package com.bear.simple.spring.entity;

/**
* 登陸帳號(hào)信息
* @author bear
*
*
public class Account {
//登陸帳號(hào)ID
private String id;
//登陸帳號(hào)
private String acccountNo;
//帳號(hào)密碼
private String password;
//帳號(hào)描述
private String desc;
//帳號(hào)是否啟用 0 禁用 1啟用，默認(rèn)為啟用
private int enable = 1;

public Account(String id, String acccountNo, String password) {
    super();
    this.id = id;
    this.acccountNo = acccountNo;
    this.password = password;
}

public Account(String id, String acccountNo, String password, String desc, int enable) {
    super();
    this.id = id;
    this.acccountNo = acccountNo;
    this.password = password;
    this.desc = desc;
    this.enable = enable;
}

public Account() {
    super();
}

public String getId() {
    return id;
}

public void setId(String id) {
    this.id = id;
}

public String getAcccountNo() {
    return acccountNo;
}

public void setAcccountNo(String acccountNo) {
    this.acccountNo = acccountNo;
}

public String getPassword() {
    return password;
}

public void setPassword(String password) {
    this.password = password;
}

public int getEnable() {
    return enable;
}

public void setEnable(int enable) {
    this.enable = enable;
}

public Boolean isEnable() {
    return 1 == this.enable;
}

@Override
public int hashCode() {
    final int prime = 31;
    int result = 1;
    result = prime * result + ((acccountNo == null) ? 0 : acccountNo.hashCode());
    result = prime * result + ((desc == null) ? 0 : desc.hashCode());
    result = prime * result + enable;
    result = prime * result + ((id == null) ? 0 : id.hashCode());
    result = prime * result + ((password == null) ? 0 : password.hashCode());
    return result;
}

@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
    if (this == obj)
        return true;
    if (obj == null)
        return false;
    if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
        return false;
    Account other = (Account) obj;
    if (acccountNo == null) {
        if (other.acccountNo != null)
            return false;
    } else if (!acccountNo.equals(other.acccountNo))
        return false;
    if (desc == null) {
        if (other.desc != null)
            return false;
    } else if (!desc.equals(other.desc))
        return false;
    if (enable != other.enable)
        return false;
    if (id == null) {
        if (other.id != null)
            return false;
    } else if (!id.equals(other.id))
        return false;
    if (password == null) {
        if (other.password != null)
            return false;
    } else if (!password.equals(other.password))
        return false;
    return true;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
    return "Account [id=" + id + ", acccountNo=" + acccountNo + ", password=" + password + ", desc=" + desc
            + ", enable=" + enable + "]";
}

}

  • 編寫(xiě)服務(wù)層

    package com.bear.simple.spring.service;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import com.bear.simple.spring.entity.Account;

@Service
public class AccountService {

private static final Map<String, Account> cache = new HashMap<String, Account>();

static {
    cache.put("1", new Account("1", "黃大仙", "123456"));
    cache.put("2", new Account("2", "劉不三", "12345678"));
    cache.put("3", new Account("3", "劉不四", "8888888"));
}

/**
 * 加載帳號(hào)，不存在報(bào)異常
 * 
 * @param id
 * @return
 */
public Account loadAccountById(String id) {
    Optional<Account> accountOpt = findAccountById(id);
    if (!accountOpt.isPresent())
        throw new RuntimeException(String.format("帳號(hào)【%s】不存在", id));
    return accountOpt.get();
}

/**
 * 查找?guī)ぬ?hào)
 * 
 * @param id
 * @return
 */
public Optional<Account> findAccountById(String id) {
    if (null == id || "".equals(id))
        return Optional.empty();
    Account account = cache.get(id);
    return Optional.ofNullable(account);
}

}

  • 測(cè)試請(qǐng)求處理

    使用postman軟件測(cè)試

    創(chuàng)建spring項(xiàng)目步驟一

統(tǒng)一返回結(jié)果

  • 編寫(xiě)返回結(jié)果實(shí)體類【該類包含成功返回，異常返回與錯(cuò)誤返回】

    package com.bear.simple.spring.entity;

import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;

public class JsonData {
//是否正確返回
private final boolean ret;
//狀態(tài)碼
private String code = "000";
//數(shù)據(jù)
private Object data;
//提示信息
private String msg;
//異常詳細(xì)信息
private String detail;

private JsonData(boolean ret) {
    this.ret = ret;
}   
/**
 * 創(chuàng)建錯(cuò)誤返回結(jié)果
 * @param msg 提示信息
 * @return
 */
public static JsonData error(String msg) {
    JsonData result = new JsonData(false);
    result.msg = msg;
    result.code = "999";
    return result;
}

public static JsonData error(String msg,Exception e,String code) {
    JsonData result = new JsonData(false);
    result.msg = msg;
    result.code = code;
    result.detail = getStackTraceInfo(e);
    return result;
}

public static JsonData error(Exception e) {
    JsonData result = new JsonData(false);
    result.msg = e.getMessage();
    result.code = "999";
    result.detail = getStackTraceInfo(e);
    return result;
}

public static JsonData error(Exception e,String code) {
    JsonData result = new JsonData(false);
    result.msg = e.getMessage();
    result.code = code;
    result.detail = getStackTraceInfo(e);
    return result;
}

public static JsonData success(Object data,String msg) {
    JsonData result = new JsonData(true);
    result.msg = msg;
    result.data = data;
    return result;
}
public static JsonData success(Object data) {
    return success(data, null);
}

public static JsonData success() {
    return success(null,null);
}

public String getCode() {
    return code;
}

public Object getData() {
    return data;
}

public String getMsg() {
    return msg;
}

public String getDetail() {
    return detail;
}

public boolean isRet() {
    return ret;
}

/**
 * 打印異常堆棧信息
 * @param e
 * @return
 */
public static String getStackTraceInfo(Exception e) {
      StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
      PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw);
      try {
          e.printStackTrace(pw);
          pw.flush();
          sw.flush();
          return sw.toString();
      } finally {
          try {
              pw.close();
          } catch (Exception ex) {
              ex.printStackTrace();
          }
          try {
              sw.close();
          } catch (Exception ex) {
              ex.printStackTrace();
          }
      }
  }

}

統(tǒng)一異常處理

編寫(xiě)異常處理控制器（統(tǒng)一處理系統(tǒng)發(fā)生的所有異常）

package com.bear.simple.spring.controller;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

import com.bear.simple.spring.entity.JsonData;

@ControllerAdvice
public class ExceptionController {

    /**
     * 處理特定異常
     * @param ex
     * @return
     */
    @ExceptionHandler
    @ResponseBody
    public JsonData handleUserNotExistException(UserNotExistException ex) {
        if(null == ex.getMessage() || "".equals(ex.getMessage()))
            return JsonData.error("用戶不存在", ex, "998");
        return JsonData.error(ex, "998");
    }

    /**
     * 處理上述遺漏的異常
     * @param ex
     * @return
     */
    @ExceptionHandler
    @ResponseBody
    public JsonData handleUserNotExistException(Exception ex) {
        if(null == ex.getMessage() || "".equals(ex.getMessage()))
            return JsonData.error("系統(tǒng)發(fā)生未知異常", ex, "999");
        return JsonData.error(ex, "999");
    }
}

添加日志處理

  • 日志記錄是項(xiàng)目中不可或缺的一部分。它的存在讓我們定位問(wèn)題更為方便。目前使用比較普遍的日志框架有l(wèi)og4j、logback等。當(dāng)前項(xiàng)目將采用logback。
  • 引用logback相應(yīng)jar包
<dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.21</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
            <artifactId>logback-core</artifactId>
            <version>1.1.7</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
            <artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>
            <version>1.1.7</version>
        </dependency>

  • 編寫(xiě)日志配置文件【logback.xml(名稱可自定義)】

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- scan 為 true 掃描logback.xml文件，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)文件更新，則重新加載，scanPeriod 為掃描時(shí)間間隔 -->
<configuration scan="true" scanPeriod="60 seconds" debug="false">
<!-- 變量定義 在logback.xml文件中使用${}應(yīng)用 -->
<property name="appName" value="simpleSpringLog" />
<!-- 定義日志輸出路徑 -->
<property name="logFilePath" value="C:/sts_workspace/log" />
<!-- logback上下文名稱定義 -->
<contextName>${appName}</contextName>

<!-- 控制臺(tái)日志輸出配置 -->
<appender name="STDOUT"
    class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
    <!-- encoder 默認(rèn)配置為PatternLayoutEncoder -->
    <encoder>
        <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n
        </pattern>
    </encoder>
</appender>

<!-- 文件日志輸出配置 -->
<appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
    <file>${logFilePath}/testFile.log</file>
    <append>true</append>
    <encoder>
        <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n
        </pattern>
    </encoder>
</appender>

<!-- 滾動(dòng)日志輸出，每天生成一個(gè)日志文件 -->
<appender name="ROLL_FILE"
    class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender">
    <!-- 配置滾動(dòng)策略 -->
    <rollingPolicy
        class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy">
        <fileNamePattern>${logFilePath}/%d{yyyy-MM-dd}.log</fileNamePattern>
        <maxHistory>30</maxHistory>
    </rollingPolicy>
    <!-- 配置日志輸出格式 -->
    <encoder>
        <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n
        </pattern>
    </encoder>
</appender>

<appender name="TIMEOUT_ROLL_FILE"
        class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender">
        <!-- 定義日志過(guò)濾器 -->
        <filter class="ch.qos.logback.classic.filter.LevelFilter">
            <level>INFO</level>
            <onMatch>ACCEPT</onMatch>
            <onMismatch>DENY</onMismatch>
        </filter>
        <!-- 配置滾動(dòng)策略 -->
        <rollingPolicy
            class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy">
            <fileNamePattern>${logFilePath}/timeout/%d{yyyy-MM-dd}.log</fileNamePattern>
            <maxHistory>30</maxHistory>
        </rollingPolicy>
        <!-- 配置日志輸出格式 -->
        <encoder>
            <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n
            </pattern>
        </encoder>
    </appender>

<!-- 定義指定類路徑輸出日志 -->
<logger name="com.bear.simple.spring.service" level="INFO"
    additivity="false">
    <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
    <appender-ref ref="ROLL_FILE" />
</logger>
<logger name="org" level="INFO"/>
<!-- 設(shè)置root的打印配置，將等級(jí)【level="INFO"】大于INFO的日志打印到控制臺(tái)【ref="STDOUT"】 -->
<root level="INFO">
    <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
    <appender-ref ref="ROLL_FILE" />
</root>
</configuration>

  • 使用springmvc啟動(dòng)加載日志配置文件，編輯web.xml文件使用配置監(jiān)聽(tīng)器加載日志配置文件，只需在web.xml文件中添加如下代碼段即可

    <context-param>
    <param-name>logbackConfigLocation</param-name>
    <!-- 日志配置文件地址 -->
    <param-value>C:/developer/apache-tomcat-8.0.32/web_log/logback.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
    <listener-class>ch.qos.logback.ext.spring.web.LogbackConfigListener</listener-class>
</listener>

配置統(tǒng)一編碼過(guò)濾器

  • 配置springmvc接收的所有請(qǐng)求的編碼格式為utf-8,只需在web.xml文件中添加字符集過(guò)濾器即可，添加的內(nèi)容如下

    <!-- 統(tǒng)一字符編碼過(guò)濾器 -->
<filter>
    <filter-name>characterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
    <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
    <!-- 字符編碼 -->
    <init-param>
        <param-name>encoding</param-name>
        <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
    </init-param>
    <!-- 是否強(qiáng)制所有請(qǐng)求都使用該字符編碼 -->
    <init-param>
        <param-name>forceEncoding</param-name>
        <param-value>true</param-value>
    </init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>characterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>

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