mutable是為了突破const函數(shù)的限制而設(shè)計(jì)的,mutable修飾的成員變量將永遠(yuǎn)處于可改變的狀態(tài)。mutable成員變量破壞了只讀對(duì)象的內(nèi)部狀態(tài),而const成員函數(shù)保證只讀對(duì)象的狀態(tài)不變性,因此mutable成員變量無法保證只讀對(duì)象狀態(tài)的不變性。
網(wǎng)站建設(shè)哪家好,找成都創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)公司!專注于網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)、網(wǎng)站建設(shè)、微信開發(fā)、微信平臺(tái)小程序開發(fā)、集團(tuán)企業(yè)網(wǎng)站建設(shè)等服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。為回饋新老客戶創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)還提供了云南免費(fèi)建站歡迎大家使用!
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
public:
Test():m_count(0)
{
}
void setValue(const int value)
{
m_count++;
m_data = value;
}
int getValue()
{
m_count++;
return m_data;
}
int getValue()const
{
m_count++;
return m_data;
}
int getCount()const
{
return m_count;
}
private:
int m_data;
mutable int m_count;
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test test1;
test1.setValue(100);
cout << test1.getCount() << endl;
const Test test2;
test2.getValue();
cout << test2.getCount() << endl;
return 0;
}
上述代碼使用mutable修飾成員變量m_count,確保在const函數(shù)內(nèi)部也可以改變其值,但mutable破壞了只讀對(duì)象狀態(tài)的不變性,所以不推薦。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
public:
Test():m_count(new int(0))
{
}
void setValue(const int value)
{
*m_count = *m_count + 1;
m_data = value;
}
int getValue()
{
*m_count = *m_count + 1;
return m_data;
}
int getValue()const
{
*m_count = *m_count + 1;
return m_data;
}
int getCount()const
{
return *m_count;
}
private:
int m_data;
int* const m_count;
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test test1;
test1.setValue(100);
cout << test1.getCount() << endl;
const Test test2;
test2.getValue();
cout << test2.getCount() << endl;
return 0;
}
上述代碼使用指針常量統(tǒng)計(jì)訪問成員變量的次數(shù),不會(huì)破壞只讀對(duì)象的狀態(tài)不變性。
new/delete的本質(zhì)是C++預(yù)定義的操作符,C++語言規(guī)范對(duì)new/delete操作符做出了嚴(yán)格的規(guī)范:
A、new關(guān)鍵字用于獲取足夠的內(nèi)存空間(默認(rèn)為堆空間),在獲取的空間中調(diào)用構(gòu)造函數(shù)創(chuàng)建對(duì)象。
B、delete調(diào)用析構(gòu)函數(shù)銷毀對(duì)象,歸還對(duì)象所占用的空間(默認(rèn)為堆空間)。
C++語言中可以重載new/delete操作符,重載new/delete操作符的意義在于改變動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)象創(chuàng)建時(shí)的內(nèi)存分配方式,可以將new創(chuàng)建的對(duì)象分配在??臻g、靜態(tài)存儲(chǔ)空間、指定地址空間。
new/delete操作符支持全局重載、局部重載,但不推薦對(duì)new/delete操作符進(jìn)行全局重載,通常對(duì)new/delete操作符進(jìn)行局部重載,如針對(duì)具體的類進(jìn)行new/delete操作符重載。
new/delete操作符重載函數(shù)默認(rèn)為靜態(tài)函數(shù),無論是否顯示聲明static關(guān)鍵字。
//static member function
void* operator new(unsigned int size)
{
void* ret = NULL;
/* ret point to allocated memory */
return ret;
}
//static member function
void operator delete(void* p)
{
/* free the memory which is pointed by p */
}
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
private:
static const unsigned int COUNT = 4;
static char c_buffer[];
static char c_map[];
int m_value;
public:
Test(int value = 0)
{
m_value = value;
cout << "value : " << value << endl;
}
//static member function
void* operator new (unsigned int size)
{
void* ret = NULL;
for(int i = 0; i < COUNT; i++)
{
if( !c_map[i] )
{
c_map[i] = 1;
ret = c_buffer + i * sizeof(Test);
cout << "succeed to allocate memory: " << ret << endl;
break;
}
}
return ret;
}
//static member function
void operator delete (void* p)
{
if( p != NULL )
{
char* mem = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test);
int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test);
if( (flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < COUNT) )
{
c_map[index] = 0;
cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl;
}
}
}
int getValue()const
{
return m_value;
}
};
char Test::c_buffer[sizeof(Test) * Test::COUNT] = {0};
char Test::c_map[Test::COUNT] = {0};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl;
Test* pt = new Test(1);
delete pt;
cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl;
Test* pa[5] = {0};
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
pa[i] = new Test(100 + i);
cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl;
}
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << "delete " << pa[i] << endl;
if(pa[i] != NULL)
{
delete pa[i];
}
}
return 0;
}
上述代碼,new會(huì)創(chuàng)建Test對(duì)象到靜態(tài)存儲(chǔ)空間中,從打印結(jié)果可以知道new創(chuàng)建Test對(duì)象時(shí)先調(diào)用new操作符重載函數(shù),在返回的空間中再調(diào)用Test構(gòu)造函數(shù)。
在類中對(duì)new/delete操作符進(jìn)行重載,在new操作符重載函數(shù)中返回指定的地址,在delete操作符重載函數(shù)中標(biāo)記對(duì)應(yīng)的地址可用。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
static unsigned int c_count;
static char* c_buffer;
static char* c_map;
int m_value;
public:
static bool SetMemorySource(char* memory, unsigned int size)
{
bool ret = false;
c_count = size / sizeof(Test);
ret = (c_count && (c_map = reinterpret_cast<char*>(calloc(c_count, sizeof(char)))));
if( ret )
{
c_buffer = memory;
}
else
{
free(c_map);
c_map = NULL;
c_buffer = NULL;
c_count = 0;
}
return ret;
}
void* operator new (unsigned int size)
{
void* ret = NULL;
if( c_count > 0 )
{
for(int i=0; i<c_count; i++)
{
if( !c_map[i] )
{
c_map[i] = 1;
ret = c_buffer + i * sizeof(Test);
cout << "succeed to allocate memory: " << ret << endl;
break;
}
}
}
else
{
ret = malloc(size);
}
return ret;
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
if( p != NULL )
{
if( c_count > 0 )
{
char* mem = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test);
int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test);
if( (flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < c_count) )
{
c_map[index] = 0;
cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl;
}
}
else
{
free(p);
}
}
}
};
unsigned int Test::c_count = 0;
char* Test::c_buffer = NULL;
char* Test::c_map = NULL;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char buffer[12] = {0};
Test::SetMemorySource(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl;
Test* pt = new Test;
delete pt;
cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl;
Test* pa[5] = {0};
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
pa[i] = new Test;
cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl;
}
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << "delete " << pa[i] << endl;
delete pa[i];
}
return 0;
}
上述代碼中,可以在指定地址空間創(chuàng)建對(duì)象,也可以不指定地址空間,此時(shí)在堆空間創(chuàng)建對(duì)象。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
public:
Test(int value = 0)
{
m_value = value;
cout << "value : " << m_value << endl;
cout << "this : " << this << endl;
}
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test test(100);
//在??臻g創(chuàng)建對(duì)象
Test* pTest = new(&test) Test(1000);
return 0;
}
上述代碼中,可以使用new操作符的默認(rèn)實(shí)現(xiàn)在??臻g創(chuàng)建對(duì)象。
new[]/delete[]關(guān)鍵字與new/delete關(guān)鍵字完全不同,是一組全新的關(guān)鍵字。
new[]關(guān)鍵字用于創(chuàng)建動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)象數(shù)組,delete[]關(guān)鍵字用于銷毀動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)象數(shù)組。new[]/delete[]關(guān)鍵字可以進(jìn)行重載,用于優(yōu)化內(nèi)存管理方式。new[]關(guān)鍵字返回的空間大小通常大于預(yù)期的動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)組空間大小。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
public:
Test(int value = 0)
{
m_value = value;
}
~Test()
{
}
void* operator new (unsigned int size)
{
cout << "operator new: " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
void* operator new[] (unsigned int size)
{
cout << "operator new[]: " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
void operator delete[] (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete[]: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test* pt = NULL;
pt = new Test;
delete pt;
pt = new Test[5];
delete[] pt;
return 0;
}
上述代碼中,重載了new[]/delete[]關(guān)鍵字。
當(dāng)前題目:C++語言學(xué)習(xí)(二十)——自定義內(nèi)存管理
分享地址:http://jinyejixie.com/article30/iishpo.html
成都網(wǎng)站建設(shè)公司_創(chuàng)新互聯(lián),為您提供服務(wù)器托管、品牌網(wǎng)站建設(shè)、全網(wǎng)營銷推廣、小程序開發(fā)、網(wǎng)站制作、網(wǎng)站營銷
聲明:本網(wǎng)站發(fā)布的內(nèi)容(圖片、視頻和文字)以用戶投稿、用戶轉(zhuǎn)載內(nèi)容為主,如果涉及侵權(quán)請(qǐng)盡快告知,我們將會(huì)在第一時(shí)間刪除。文章觀點(diǎn)不代表本網(wǎng)站立場(chǎng),如需處理請(qǐng)聯(lián)系客服。電話:028-86922220;郵箱:631063699@qq.com。內(nèi)容未經(jīng)允許不得轉(zhuǎn)載,或轉(zhuǎn)載時(shí)需注明來源: 創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)